Recall from Section 11.1.3 that mast cells are an expected population of cells in all patients. These cells play an important role in infl...
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Introduction to the Nictitans In addition to the upper and lower palpebrae, dogs and cats have a third eyelid [1, 2]. This structure is cal...
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![Insects as a Trigger for Urticaria and Anaphylaxis Anaphylaxis due to insect stings rarely appears in the veterinary literature. However, isolated case reports demonstrate that dogs and presumably cats are suscepti-ble to stings from insects within the order Hymenoptera [30, 52, 74–79]. Two families of stinging insects within Hymenoptera will be considered briefly here [80]: ● The family Apoidea ● The family Vespoidea Apoidea members include the honeybees and bumble-bees, as compared to wasps, hornets, and yellow jackets, which are members of Vespoidea. Both deliver a sting to their target [80] (see Figures 11.6a, b). Members of Apoidea deliver a single sting, after which they die. This is a function of the fact that the stinger is barbed and embeds in the target. Following the sting, the stinger is ripped out of the insect’s abdo-men [80]. Members of Vespoidea, on the other hand, lack barbs. The stinger does not remain attached to the target. This allows the stinging insect to sting the victim repeatedly, without dying [80, 81]. Neither Apoidea nor Vespoidea are capable of titrating the potency of their sting. Each sting delivers a standard amount of venom [80]. Companion animal patients may succumb to anaphy-laxis after a single sting [80]. The dose that the target receives is less important than the individual’s underly-ing sensitivity to the venom. All patients that are stung develop localized pain and swelling. However, not all develop anaphylactic reac-tions; those that do present for urticaria and angioedema. The respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts may or may not be involved. Hypotension and sudden death are also potential sequelae [80]. 11 Erythematous Wheals and Angioedema](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD51BH8IsZ1oEwL3b1meS829yydapMof1W7aaiDl6EIVbYRKH6lWQQG8d29-2TLb6xkhu3OdpgSC_ZxBjumC4QXpyd7gzxpLuUBoJMV_wQjPGESAdVjbXeyZU5FSht0jMX4kF9nBkcAhw/w1600/Img_261_100-book_reader_ReadEra.png "Insects as a Trigger for Urticaria and Anaphylaxis Anaphylaxis due to insect stings rarely appears in the veterinary literature. However, isolated case reports demonstrate that dogs and presumably cats are suscepti-ble to stings from insects within the order Hymenoptera [30, 52, 74–79]. Two families of stinging insects within Hymenoptera will be considered briefly here [80]: ● The family Apoidea ● The family Vespoidea Apoidea members include the honeybees and bumble-bees, as compared to wasps, hornets, and yellow jackets, which are members of Vespoidea. Both deliver a sting to their target [80] (see Figures 11.6a, b). Members of Apoidea deliver a single sting, after which they die. This is a function of the fact that the stinger is barbed and embeds in the target. Following the sting, the stinger is ripped out of the insect’s abdo-men [80]. Members of Vespoidea, on the other hand, lack barbs. The stinger does not remain attached to the target. This allows the stinging insect to sting the victim repeatedly, without dying [80, 81]. Neither Apoidea nor Vespoidea are capable of titrating the potency of their sting. Each sting delivers a standard amount of venom [80]. Companion animal patients may succumb to anaphy-laxis after a single sting [80]. The dose that the target receives is less important than the individual’s underly-ing sensitivity to the venom. All patients that are stung develop localized pain and swelling. However, not all develop anaphylactic reac-tions; those that do present for urticaria and angioedema. The respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts may or may not be involved. Hypotension and sudden death are also potential sequelae [80]. 11 Erythematous Wheals and Angioedema")
Insects as a Trigger for Urticaria and Anaphylaxis Anaphylaxis due to insect stings rarely appears in the veterinary literature. However, i...
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Prolapse of the Nictitans The third eyelid can become dislodged from its normal resting position in the ventromedial orbit. This occur-renc...
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Ideally, the cause of urticaria and anaphylaxis is established to reduce the risk of recurrence secondary to re‐exposure [3]. Known causes...
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that the patient is having an anaphylactic reaction [3]. Anaphylaxis is a severe hypersensitivity reaction that can cause fatality [3, 9...
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The body is dependent upon zinc to maintain function [23]. As a constituent of more than 70 metalloenzymes, zinc participates in carbohydr...
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